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- <text id=92TT0813>
- <title>
- Apr. 13, 1992: If Kennedy Had Lived
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1992
- Apr. 13, 1992 Campus of the Future
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- HISTORY, Page 64
- If Kennedy Had Lived
- </hdr><body>
- <p>By Walter Isaacson
- </p>
- <p> "What if...?" For historians the question can be a
- great parlor game, launching all-night arguments over what would
- have happened if, say, Hitler had got the Bomb or Pickett had
- not charged at Gettysburg. Nowadays one of the hottest
- questions involves speculating about what John Kennedy would
- have done in Vietnam had he not been killed in November 1963.
- </p>
- <p> John M. Newman, a former U.S. Army major who teaches
- history at the University of Maryland, has entered this fray
- with a meticulously documented argument that Kennedy planned to
- withdraw from Vietnam had he been re-elected in 1964. Earnest
- yet overheated, grounded in footnotes yet prone to flights of
- conspiratorial conjecture, JFK and Vietnam (Warner Books; 506
- pages; $22.95) reads like a strange hybrid between a doctoral
- dissertation and the rough draft of an Oliver Stone screenplay,
- and with reason: it was, indeed, Newman's dissertation, and
- Stone did use it as a basis for his movie JFK.
- </p>
- <p> The U.S. military, Newman argues, provided overly
- optimistic battlefield assessments after American advisers were
- sent to Vietnam in the early 1960s. These were designed to
- encourage Kennedy to continue America's commitment there. Newman
- contends that Kennedy eventually became aware of this deception,
- but he went along because it served his own secret purpose: to
- withdraw some of the U.S. advisers under the guise that the war
- was going so well that they were no longer necessary. The
- "elaborate deception," Newman writes, "was originally designed
- to forestall Kennedy from a precipitous withdrawal, but he was
- now using it--judo style--to justify just that."
- </p>
- <p> Newman shores up his thesis with citations from newly
- declassified documents. He is particularly impressive in
- detailing the evolution of a national security action memo--NSAM 263--that Kennedy signed in October 1963, ordering the
- withdrawal of 1,000 of the 16,000 or so American advisers in
- Vietnam. Newman also documents the subtle changes in policy that
- occurred after Kennedy was shot less than two months later. The
- 1,000-man withdrawal went ahead, but instead of full units
- departing, it "was turned into a meaningless paper drill" by
- counting individual soldiers who were due for rotation. In
- addition, four days after taking office, Lyndon Johnson signed
- a new memo--NSAM 273--that Newman shows was subtly but
- significantly different from the version Kennedy had been
- contemplating: among other things, it allowed U.S. involvement
- in covert actions against North Vietnam.
- </p>
- <p> Newman's thesis would have been both powerful and
- persuasive had he stuck to the facts he uncovered in the
- documents. Instead he indulges in unnecessary speculation and
- theorizing. Every instance in which Kennedy whispers to a dovish
- Senator or makes a public remark about his desire to be
- extricated from Vietnam is taken as evidence of his secret
- intentions; the far more frequent examples of his invoking the
- domino theory and denouncing the idea of withdrawal are
- construed as public posturing, designed to deceive conservatives
- in order to get re-elected. In fact, it would be more logical
- to interpret Kennedy's contradictory pronouncements at their
- two-face value: like most charming politicians, he tended to
- tell people what they wanted to hear. Even he may not have known
- what he really planned to do in Vietnam after the election.
- </p>
- <p> In the end, a good historian must realize that the "What
- if...?" game is indeed just that--a game. Statesmen must
- be judged by what they did, not by what they might have done.
- By this measure, Kennedy comes out well in Newman's reckoning.
- He was not deceived by the falsely optimistic reports on
- Vietnam. Despite Pentagon pressure, he did not send in combat
- troops. And one of his last acts was ordering the withdrawal of
- a significant number of advisers. Newman has done a good job of
- making this record clearer; he would have done even better had
- he left it at that.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
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